Wildlife in Montenegro
European Brown Bear
Introduction
Montenegro, a small but ecologically diverse country in Southeast Europe, has a remarkable variety of wildlife - even including bears, wolves and lynx which I was completely unaware of before I travelled there.
This biodiversity results from the country's varied landscapes, including mountains, dense forests, and a scenic Adriatic coastline. This blog explores Montenegro's wildlife, focusing on big animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, marine life, where to see them, and the country's conservation efforts.
I encourage readers to review FAQ’s and references and further reading at the end of this article for more specific information about the Wildlife in Montenegro.
Wildlife in Montenegro:
1. Brown Bears (Ursus arctos):
These incredible creatures are the largest carnivores in Europe and play a crucial role in the ecosystems of the mountainous regions where they are found. As omnivores, they help control populations of various species, contributing to the health of their habitats. Their foraging behaviour aids in seed dispersal and soil aeration, promoting plant growth and forest regeneration.
It is believed that the population of brown bears in Montenegro is growing, but I don't believe there is a sophisticated way of monitoring this currently.
Population: Approximately 300 individuals, although the figures vary significantly depending on the source.
Habitat: Northern and central mountainous areas, particularly Durmitor and Biogradska Gora National Parks.
Likelihood of Sighting: Very low. While brown bears are shy and tend to avoid humans, encounters can occur, especially in protected areas.
2. Grey Wolves (Canis lupus):
In Montenegro, grey wolves play a crucial role in the ecosystem by controlling populations of prey species such as deer and wild boar, which helps maintain a balanced and healthy environment.
Old Slavic mythology featured the major god Dazbog as a lame wolf, and wolves have maintained a strong symbolic presence throughout history, even into the Christian era. In both Serbian and Montenegrin traditions, wolves were believed to scare away evil spirits and protect children from illness. By preserving their natural habitats and promoting coexistence, Montenegro can continue to honour the legacy of the wolf both in its ecosystems and its cultural traditions.
Population: Around 200 to 300 individuals.
Habitat: Distributed across northern mountains and central highlands, especially in Durmitor, Prokletije national parks, and Bjelasica mountain ranges.
Likelihood of Sighting: Low. Wolves are typically wary of humans and sightings are infrequent.
3. Balkan Lynx (Lynx Balcanicus):
The Balkan lynx is one of the rarest and most endangered animals in Europe, specifically a subspecies of the Eurasian lynx. This elusive predator is characterised by its large size, tufted ears, and distinctive spotted coat. The lynx primarily preys on deer, small mammals, and birds, and helps in controlling the populations of these species and maintaining ecological balance.
Conservation efforts include habitat protection, anti-poaching measures, and monitoring programs aimed at increasing their numbers and ensuring their survival. International collaborations and local conservation projects are crucial in protecting this species from extinction.
Population: Around 50 individuals.
Habitat: Prokletije, Dinaric Alps and remote mountainous areas. Less common in Durmitor National Park.
Likelihood of Sighting: Very low. Due to their critically endangered status and elusive nature, sightings are extremely rare.
4. Chamois (Rupicapra):
The chamois is a goat-antelope species found in the European mountains. It is well-adapted to rugged terrains and high altitudes, with specialised hooves that provide excellent grip on rocky surfaces. Chamois are agile and can be seen climbing effortlessly across steep cliffs.
Chamois are important herbivores in Montenegro's mountain ecosystems. Their grazing helps to maintain the balance of plant species in alpine meadows and prevents the overgrowth of certain vegetation. This grazing behaviour supports the biodiversity of these high-altitude environments by allowing a variety of plant species to thrive.
Population: Common in high altitudes.
Habitat: Dinaric Alps, Durmitor National Park, Prokletije, Bjelasica and Sinjajevina mountains.
Likelihood of Sighting: Moderate. They are more commonly seen in open areas within their mountainous habitats.
5. Mouflon (Ovis gmelini):
The European mouflon is a wild sheep species known for its impressive curved horns and muscular build. Adapted to rugged terrains, mouflon is well-suited to the rocky and mountainous regions of Montenegro. Mouflon plays a crucial role in their ecosystems as grazers. Their feeding habits help maintain the balance of plant communities, preventing any single species from becoming too dominant. This grazing activity promotes biodiversity in the regions they inhabit.
Population: Relatively small and localised populations.
Habitat: Dinaric Alps, Durmitor National Park, Prokletije Mountains.
Likelihood of Sighting: Low to moderate. Mouflon are more elusive and tend to inhabit remote and less disturbed areas. Sightings are more likely in protected areas where they are actively conserved.
6. Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa):
Wild boars are large, powerful mammals. Adult males can weigh between 75 to 100 kilograms, while females, called sows, are slightly smaller. They have a distinctive set of tusks that grow continuously and are used for foraging and defence. Wild boars are omnivorous and have a varied diet consisting of roots, tubers, fruits, small mammals, insects, and carrion. They use their powerful snouts to dig into the ground in search of food. Their foraging behaviour aids in seed dispersal and soil aeration, promoting plant growth and forest regeneration.
Wild boars are social animals that live in groups called sounders, which typically consist of females and their young. Normally they will flee from people, but can be aggressive if they feel threatened.
Population: Stable and widespread.
Habitat: Forested areas, grasslands, agricultural areas, and wetlands.
Likelihood of Sighting: Moderate. Wild boars are relatively common and can often be seen in rural and forested areas, especially at dusk or dawn. They generally avoid human contact.
7. Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus):
Roe deer are small, graceful deer known for their reddish-brown summer coats and greyish-brown winter fur. They are primarily browsers, feeding on leaves, herbs, and young shoots. Roe deer contribute to the ecological health of their habitats by controlling plant growth and providing a prey base for predators such as wolves and lynxes. Their browsing helps maintain a diverse plant community, which in turn supports a variety of other wildlife.
Population: Widespread and relatively abundant.
Habitat: Forested areas and mixed woodland.
Likelihood of Sighting: High. Roe deer are more accustomed to human presence and are often seen in their natural habitat.
8. Birds:
Montenegro is a haven for birdwatchers, with over 300 bird species recorded in the country. The Skadar Lake National Park, which is one of the largest bird reserves in Europe, is particularly notable. It hosts around 280 bird species, including the rare Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) and the pygmy cormorant (Microcarbo pygmeus).
Montenegro is also home to several eagle species including the golden eagle and short-toed eagle, among others. The Montenegro flag has a double-headed eagle on it which represents the unity of earthly and spiritual authority. One head symbolises secular power and governance, while the other signifies divine authority and the church. Together, the two heads embody the concept of a ruler as both a temporal leader and a representative of divine will on earth.
The coastal areas and wetlands also provide crucial stopover points for migratory birds travelling between Europe and Africa.
9. Snakes
Montenegro is home to several notable snake species, both venomous and non-venomous. The Nose-horned Viper (Vipera ammodytes) is easily recognisable by the small horn on its snout and is considered the most dangerous snake in Montenegro due to its potent venom. It prefers rocky hillsides, scrublands, and forests.
Other common snakes include the European Adder (Vipera berus), identifiable by its zigzag pattern, and the non-venomous Balkan Whip Snake (Hierophis gemonensis), known for its slender body and fast movements. The Aesculapian snake is a non-venomous species found in Montenegro and other parts of Europe. It is one of the longest European snakes, growing up to 2 meters in length. Known for its smooth, olive-brown coloration, the Aesculapian snake is often seen in woodlands, hedgerows, and near human settlements. Despite its size, it poses no threat to humans and usually avoids contact.
9. Marine Life:
Montenegro's marine life is as diverse as its terrestrial wildlife, with the Adriatic Sea offering a rich ecosystem for various species.
The coastal waters are home to numerous fish species, including the highly sought-after dentex (zubatac) and sea bass, which are popular among local fishermen and seafood enthusiasts. The rivers and lakes of Montenegro host species such as brown trout and the elusive Danube salmon. Additionally, the Adriatic Sea is a habitat for endangered species like the Adriatic sturgeon and European eel, both known for their unique life cycles and long migrations. This biodiversity makes Montenegro's marine environments vital for both ecological balance and economic activities like fishing and tourism.
National Geographic Documentary - Wildlife in Montenegro:
Protected Areas and Conservation Efforts:
Montenegro has several protected areas aimed at conserving its rich biodiversity. National parks such as Durmitor, Biogradska Gora, and Skadar Lake are crucial for the protection of many species and their habitats. These areas not only serve as refuges for wildlife but also promote ecological research and eco-tourism.
The country is also engaged in various conservation projects, often in collaboration with international organisations. Efforts to protect endangered species, such as the Balkan lynx, and initiatives to preserve vital habitats are ongoing. Public awareness campaigns and legal measures are also in place to combat poaching and habitat destruction.
One of the main reasons I travelled to Montenegro was its wild, untamed beauty and the rich, natural habitats teeming with diverse wildlife. It would be deeply disappointing if future visitors couldn’t witness these remarkable animals in their natural settings, a vital part of the allure that makes this country so captivating.
Related Articles:
Frequently Asked Questions:
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Apart from the wildlife listed above, Montenegro is also home to the Eurasian Otter, Pine Marten, Red Fox, Griffin Vulture, European Wildcat, Peregrine Falcon, Pygmy Comorant and many more.
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Balkan Chamois, European Brown Bear, Eurasian Lynx, Wild Boar
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Balkan Lynx, Brown Bear, Wild Goat, Wolf
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Dalmatian Pelican, Pygmy Cormorant, Eurasian Otter, Peregrine Falcon.
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Golden Eagle, Eurasian Griffin Vulture, European Wildcat, Stone Marten
References and Further Reading:
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This article on Sunraf provides a comprehensive overview of wildlife in Montenegro and national parks. Montenegro boasts diverse ecosystems, home to species like the Balkan lynx, brown bears, and Dalmatian pelicans. Key national parks include Lovćen, Lake Skadar, Durmitor, and Prokletije, each offering unique wildlife experiences. The article also highlights various fish and bird species, along with rare plants, emphasizing the country's rich biodiversity and conservation efforts. For more detailed information
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This study presents an updated checklist of amphibians and reptiles in Montenegro, documenting 52 species, including two species complexes. It identifies both native and introduced species, such as Trachemys scripta and potentially Podarcis siculus. Conservation status is discussed, with 11 amphibian and 26 reptile species protected under Montenegrin law. The study emphasises the rich biodiversity of the region and calls for further research and conservation efforts to protect these species. The checklist is based on literature and field surveys conducted over the past decade.
Authors: Slađana Gvozdenović Nikolić, Vuk Iković Published: April 2022 Journal: Natura Montenegrina.
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This study highlight that while Montenegro hosts a significant part of the chamois population, it does not currently face severe threats compared to other regions.
Authors: P. Anderwald et al. Published: 2020 Journal: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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Montenegro, a biodiverse country with mountains, virgin forests, and deep valleys, is home to around 200-300 wolves. However, wolf populations are not protected and face significant hunting pressures. Annually, about 25% of the wolf population is hunted, often with inadequate reporting and unsustainable practices. Historical and cultural ties to wolves are strong in the region, reflected in local names and folklore. Efforts for sustainable hunting and conservation are needed to ensure the survival of the species - article from 2011.
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This document highlights Montenegro's rich and diverse wildlife, emphasising its unspoilt mountains, forests, rivers, and lakes. Key highlights include:
Lake Skadar: A protected national park since 1983, home to 270 bird species, including a notable colony of Dalmatian pelicans.
Durmitor National Park: Renowned for its dense primeval forests, diverse bird species, brown bears, and wolves.
Conservation Efforts: Emphasizes the need for sustainable wildlife tourism and protection of habitats.
